CO2 on track

Challenge

DNV’s CCS Energy Transition Outlook, published in June 2025, highlights that carbon capture and storage (CCS) is at a pivotal moment, with global capture and storage capacity projected to quadruple by 2030. In this context, efficiently linking capture sites to storage locations is becoming increasingly critical. Four transport modes are currently viable: pipelines and ships –more mature and widely deployed– and trains and trucks, which are gaining traction for several applications.

Transporting CO₂ by train offers a promising solution for accelerating CCS deployment, particularly in regions lacking pipeline infrastructure or facing long permitting timelines. Rail networks offer a flexible and scalable alternative, enabling captured CO₂ to be moved efficiently from industrial sources to storage sites or utilization hubs. This can unlock CCS potential for dispersed emitters and early-stage projects, lowering upfront capital costs and accelerating implementation.

Solution

The ‘CO₂ on Track’ joint industry project aims to identify knowledge gaps and key technical challenges in CO₂ rail transport. The proposed work packages (WPs) outlined below will be finalized with the industry partners.

WP1: Integration into the CCS value chain

Ensure CO₂ rail transport is fully integrated within broader CCS value chains. Identify typical project requirements for the interfaces between capture, transport, and storage:

• CO₂ loading and unloading facilities
• Metering and CO₂ purity control
• Indicative sizing for buffer storage including strategies for use of railcars as buffer storage
• Standardized best practices and protocols for loading/unloading

WP2: Logistics

Define key logistical parameters:

• Optimal number of railcars
• Determine optimal time and spatial requirements for loading/unloading processes
• Assess contingency scenarios and define management strategies to minimize operational disruptions
• Additional logistical considerations (e.g., scheduling, coordination with rail operators)

WP3: Technical and operational guidelines

Analyse current state-of-the-art  and develop comprehensive best practices for CO₂ rail transport, covering:

• Identification of gaps in knowledge base and operational experience
• Loading/unloading
  • Standardized protocols and best practices
  • Optimal equipment selection (e.g., couplings)
• Railcars
  • CO₂ composition specification
  • Optimal thermodynamic conditions
  • Recommended material choice, corrosion resistance and insulation needs
• Compliance with rail and hazardous material regulations

WP4: Safety and risk management

Establish best practices for safe and reliable transport, including:

• Loading/unloading protocols and equipment standards
• Maintenance and monitoring procedures (pressure, temperature, leak detection)
• Emergency response protocols for accidents or leaks
• Dispersion modelling for risk assessment
• Venting procedures
• Procedure and responsibilities for a prolonged stop of a fully loaded train
• Personnel training

WP5: Economic and environmental assessment

Identify key economic drivers for CO₂ rail transport and estimate typical CAPEX/OPEX values. Assess typical environmental impacts.

Project details

Location: Global
Date: 2026 - 2027

To discuss participation in the CO₂ on Track joint industry project, please contact Alessandro Bove.